"Mushrooms Demystified" © David Arora What We're Reading Over the years we've collected a library of books, articles, and other educational resources. We've started to list a few of them here, and we'll add more as time goes by. Field Guides We Use Here's a list of field guides and other mycology books and articles that FFSC uses for our classes and/or shares through our member library. We offer some of these books at or near cost at the Santa Cruz Fungus Fair . They're also available through various book retailers and the original publishers. Mushrooms Demystified , by David Arora All That the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms , by David Arora Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast , by Noah Siegel and Christian Schwarz Mushrooms of Cascadia , by Christian Schwarz and Noah Siegel More Resources Mushroom Dye Resources : Books and articles suggested by our members who dye fabrics with mushroom pigments. NAMA Book Reviews : A reading list by the North American Mycological Association

Freezing Mushrooms Cooking and then freezing works well for certain types of mushrooms. You should either sauté or microwave the sliced-up mushrooms before freezing them, depending on how you plan to use them. ... Caption Advantages of freezing Quality close to fresh when properly done Works well for chanterelles, bolete buttons, oysters, amanita species, and morels Disadvantages of freezing Takes up freezer space Subject to freezer burn Does not work well for some mushrooms Objective: Storage/Prep Total Time: Approx. 30 minutes Suggested Mushrooms: See code Equipment and/or Ingredients Method Sauté Directions Slice or tear cleaned mushrooms into moderate-sized pieces. Sauté prepared mushrooms in butter or oil of your choice until they start giving up liquid into the pan. Cool and freeze, including liquid, in ziploc bag or other container. Microwave Directions An advantage of microwaving is that since you're not choosing a specific fat to cook them in, the mushrooms can be used later in a recipe with either butter or oil, according to the flavor you prefer for the meal. Slice or tear cleaned mushrooms into moderate-sized pieces. Microwave prepared mushrooms until they start giving up liquid into the bowl. Cool and freeze, including liquid, in ziploc bag or other container. Previous Technique All Techniques Next Technique

Kyle Garrone Kyle Garrone holds a degree in Plant Biology from the University of California, Davis with a focus on plant pathology and mycology. He has been the Production Manager of Far West Fungi since graduating from UC Davis in 2010, with his primary focus on increasing yields and experimenting with new varieties of mushrooms that have potential for wholesale customers. Kyle has traveled throughout the world to find the most successful and efficient growing methods and the most resilient and highest yielding mushroom varieties. He enjoys sharing what he has learned with those who are interested in exotic mushroom cultivation. farwestfungi.com Far West Fungi - Organic Mushrooms, Grow Kits & Mushroom Products Far West Fungi grows and sells fresh organically grown and wild mushrooms, mushroom grow kits and mushroom products. 2026 Kyle Garrone 2026 Santa Cruz Fungus Fair Talks Buy Tickets Commercial Mushroom Cultivation Sunday, January 11, 2026 10:00 PM - 11:00 PM Room 1 Mushroom Cultivation Monday, January 13, 2025 12:00 AM - 1:00 AM Room 1

Salt Pickled Mushrooms We are fortunate to have the following instructions for salt-preserving mushrooms come from Galina Plizga, a talented and experienced mushroom preserver. ... Caption Galina has generously shared her salt-preserved bounty over the years at some of our long-distance forays, and now we can make our own. Thank you, Galina! Advantages Doesn’t require freezer space. Mushrooms are pre-seasoned and ready to use as an appetizer or in recipes. Disadvantages Not suitable for more fragile, delicate fungi. May require refrigeration in warmer areas. Objective: Storage/Prep Total Time: 10 days Suggested Mushrooms: See code Equipment and/or Ingredients Ingredients 3 – 4 pounds fresh mushrooms, cleaned and stems cut short Kosher or pickling salt* ( not table salt) 6 – 10 juniper berries, crushed (optional) 10 black pepper berries, whole 1 big bunch of fresh dill with flowers 20 gloves of garlic smashed Horseradish leaves or radish leaves Raspberry leaves or blackberry leaves Oak leaves Sour cherry leaves *Please bear in mind that pickling salt is the means of preservation here, so it isn’t a good idea to skimp here. Make notes as you proceed and you’ll soon be able to adjust ingredients to your own preferences! Method Boil the mushrooms in salted water for 5 minutes. Drain and let them cool. Place a clean plate or other top on the mushrooms and weigh it down. I use a quart Mason jar filled with water. Let this sit in a cool, dark place for 10 days. Refrigerate if it is hot. After the first day, check to ensure that the mushrooms are submerged in their own brine. If not, boil 1 pint of water with 2 tablespoons kosher salt and let it cool. Pour over the mushrooms and continue fermenting. If there is too much salt*, soak the mushrooms in water for a few minutes. Try periodically to see if they taste “done”, then stop soaking once you are satisfied. After 10 days taste, and start eating! I usually makes a lot, so I freeze in ziplock bags whatever I won’t use within the next 2 months. Serving Suggestion: Salad Boiled potatoes, onion, fresh dill and cut salted mushrooms. Combine the night before and refrigerate. Take out a couple of hours prior to serving. Previous Technique All Techniques Next Technique

Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze (2014, Yukatan). Photo by Yev Nyden Cookeina Kuntze Sprouting from Forest Litter in Quintana Roo Yevgeny Nyden Thank you Yev Nyden for contributing this exotic find from Quintana Roo, Mexico. Yev says he stumbled upon this peculiar looking mushroom while hiking Nohoch Mul temple in Coba. Enjoy! More about cup fungi in the genus Cookeina : Cookeina , Wikipedia Bristly Tropical Cup (Cookeina) , iNaturalist Camera Canon EOS 5D Mark III Focal L. 97mm Aperture f/4.0 Shutter Sp. 1/2s ISO 500 Flash Off Photo taken on November 26, 2014 Mushroom(s) ... Previous Photo Back to Gallery Next Photo

Mushrooms have sparked all sorts of creative works, leading to some fantastic art depicting mushrooms, and in some cases using mushrooms as part of the craft. Artists love to play around with the cool shapes, colors, and textures that mushrooms offer. Mushroom Photography Lentinus (Polyporus) arcularius. Photo by Cathy Welch Mushrooms are fun to photograph, due to their intricate details and variety of forms. They can also be challenging to capture when they grow in dark and/or hard-to-reach places--especially when your photography setup is minimal (to make room for carrying your collecting gear!). Photographers love to capture mushrooms from different points of view: Fruiting in habitat: Beauty shots, specimen studies, and quick snaps of mushrooms in forests, fields, and lawns show them off in their natural habitat. Browse our Mushroom Photo Gallery for some examples. Macro and microscopic photos: Close-ups that highlight the tiny details of mushroom caps, textures, spores and structures. We occasionally post examples on this website, such as in our free FFSC Online Learning programs, and you can browse the Web for thousands more! Life cycle changes: Some people document how mushrooms change through their life cycles, and/or how patches change across seasons. Check out this Time Lapsed Laetiporous article in our News section for an example. If you have an interesting life cycle series to share with us, let us know! Mushroom-Themed Art and Crafts If you're looking at this website, you might already have a few of these in your closet or cupboard or on your walls! Crafts: Some of us depect our favorite mushrooms in pottery and tiles, glass, clothing and jewelry, gift cards and stickers, wall hangings and more. Paintings: Artists paint mushrooms, depicting them in the wild or reimagined in abstract ways. Sculptures: Some talented folks craft mushrooms in 3D, using clay, wood, glass, or metal. Illustration : Check out the beautiful mushroom-themed illustrations we've commissioned for our Santa Cruz Fungus Fairs in our Fungus Fair Posters archive. Explore the works of local artisans in the vendor areas of the Santa Cruz Fungus Fair for some examples. Mushroom-Based Pigments Besides looking cool in artwork, mushrooms are also a wonderful source of natural pigments for creating art. Eco-Friendly Dyes: Mushroom dyes are a green alternative to synthetic ones, perfect for eco-conscious creators. Unique Color Palettes: Different kinds of mushrooms create a range of colors, from earthy browns to bright reds and yellows. Textile Techniques: Artists use various dyeing methods, like immersion or tie-dyeing, to create unique patterns and effects on fabrics. Browse our Arts menu for links to more information and some tips on how to get started with with mushroom dyes. Or visit the Craft Room at our annual Santa Cruz Fungus Fair and volunteers will show you how! (Or, if you already have experience with this art form, you can become a Fair volunteer and help others learn, too!) Craft room at the 47th FFSC Fungus Fair (2024). Photo by Hugh Smith Mushroom dyed silk at the 44th Fungus Fair. Photo by Hugh Smith (cropped) Myco Art Some people come for the food; some are driven by an interest in the science; and some come for the sheer beauty and/or bizarreness of certain mushrooms. If you're in the latter camp (or have toes in each), we have you covered!

Inky Caps - from "Basic Inky Cap ID for California" "Out of the millions of different kinds of fungi out there, I think that inky caps are the coolest by far. They are called inky caps because they dissolve into black ink when they get old. They are also often misidentified, so I put together a list of the common inky caps and their differences." ... Coprinopsis lagopus gr. Photo by Terry Way Editors note: FFSC member Peter Vahlberg posted "Basic Inky Cap ID for California" on iNaturalist in 2020, and FFSC previously reprinted a copy on this website. Going forward, you can read Peter's original article on iNaturalist instead, for the latest comments and updates. In the meantime, enjoy these quick links to the inky cap species that Peter describes in his article: The genus Coprinus includes the edible shaggy mane ( Coprinus comatus ) and a close look-alike, Coprinus calyptratus . www.inaturalist.org Shaggy Mane (Coprinus comatus) Shaggy Mane from Dan Foley Park, Solano County, US-CA, US on November 19, 2016 at 12:38 PM by Peter Vahlberg www.inaturalist.org Star-capped Coprinus (Coprinus calyptratus) Coprinus calyptratus is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is commonly known as the star-capped coprinus. (Source: Wikipedia, 'Coprinus calyptratus', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinus_calyptratus, CC BY-SA 3.0 . Photo: (c) Pete Siminski, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by Pete Siminski) The Coprinopsis group includes Coprinopsis lagopus and Coprinopsis atramentaria . www.inaturalist.org hare's foot inkcap (Coprinopsis lagopus) hare's foot inkcap from Jackson Demonstration State Forest, Mendocino County, US-CA, US on December 7, 2018 at 03:42 PM by Peter Vahlberg www.inaturalist.org Common Ink Cap (Coprinopsis atramentaria) Common Ink Cap from Santa Clara County, US-CA, US on January 30, 2018 at 04:45 PM by Peter Vahlberg Coprinellus includes Coprinellus micaceus (the mica cap) and Coprinellus flocculosus . www.inaturalist.org mica cap (Coprinellus micaceus) mica cap from 2755 Glorietta Cir, Santa Clara, CA, US on December 25, 2018 at 04:12 PM by Peter Vahlberg www.inaturalist.org flocculose inkcap (Coprinellus flocculosus) flocculose inkcap from Golden Gate Natl. Rec. Area - SF, San Francisco County, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, US-CA, US on October 28, 2017 at 09:21 AM by Peter Vahlberg An unnamed species in California looks similar to C. micaceus , but Peter believes it is Coprinellus radians . www.inaturalist.org Genus Coprinellus Coprinellus from Rancho San Antonio County Park, Los Altos, CA, US on December 25, 2018 at 03:37 PM by Peter Vahlberg www.inaturalist.org Coprinellus radians Coprinellus radians is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Agaricus radians by the mycologist John Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières in 1828, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001. (Source: Wikipedia, 'Coprinellus radians', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinellus_radians, CC BY-SA 3.0 . Photo: (c) judymac, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by judymac) Coprinellus disseminatus does not turn inky. www.inaturalist.org Trooping Crumble Cap (Coprinellus disseminatus) Trooping Crumble Cap from Monte Bello Open Space Preserve, Santa Clara County, US-CA, US on December 28, 2018 at 11:08 AM by Peter Vahlberg The genus Parasola are hard to ID without a microscope. www.inaturalist.org Genus Parasola Parasola from Santa Clara County, US-CA, US on June 30, 2017 at 10:34 AM by Peter Vahlberg Parasola auricoma is easier to identify, along with Parasola conopilus (which looks like Psathyrella corrugis ). www.inaturalist.org goldenhaired inkcap (Parasola auricoma) goldenhaired inkcap from Bay Rd, Menlo Park, CA, US on October 19, 2019 at 11:31 AM by Peter Vahlberg More inky caps exist, but can be hard to identify without a microscope. www.inaturalist.org Inkcaps (Genus Coprinopsis) Inkcaps from Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, Santa Cruz County, US-CA, US on December 14, 2018 at 09:33 AM by Peter Vahlberg Mushrooms covered: See code Previous Description All Featured Fungi Next Description

Morgan Yacullo Lead Curator, Ken Norris Center for Natural History Morgan Yacullo is a recent Environmental Studies graduate from UC Santa Cruz, where she spent much of her time crawling along the forest floor, photographing the slimy, minuscule marvels of the natural world. Serving as a Lead Curator at the Ken Norris Center for Natural History, she managed the fungarium, led a course on fungal identification, assisted in Christian Schwarz’s Natural History of Fungi course, led numerous field walks, and spent countless hours behind the microscope. She has participated in fungal surveys across diverse California ecosystems—from burn scars to islands and caves—documenting the remarkable variety of fungal life. Alongside academic work, Morgan is a photographer whose practice explores ecological and social resilience through the lens of decomposition. 2026 Morgan Yacullo 2026 Santa Cruz Fungus Fair Talks Buy Tickets

Shannon Adams Shannon is a passionate amateur mycologist and user experience researcher who lives in Seattle. Her interest in fungi started over 20 years ago when she relocated to the region and was impressed by the diversity of mushrooms she saw while hiking. What began as an artistic pursuit, painting botanical illustrations of fungi, evolved into a desire to identify and a deep fascination with fungal taxonomy, particularly with the genus Cortinarius. Today, Shannon actively contributes to the field of mycology by observing, collecting, identifying, and describing new species. Her personal herbarium contains over 1,500 Cortinarius, she has described two species new to science and is currently working on additional new species. She is a frequent foray lead and event speaker - primarily teaching about the Cortinariaceae but also advocating for greater participation in community science. Shannon has been a longtime volunteer at PSMS - serving two terms on the PSMS Board, teaching classes in microscopy and acting as chair for the Mycoflora sequencing committee. 2026 Shannon Adams 2026 Santa Cruz Fungus Fair Talks Buy Tickets From Saucepan to Science Foraging Feasting and Phylogeny Saturday, January 11, 2025 10:30 PM - 11:30 PM Room 1

Pressure Canning Mushrooms Pressure canning is a process for canning mushrooms while not utilizing vinegar to create an acid environment. ... Caption Have you had experience with this method? We would love to hear about your experiences so we can share them here. Advantages of pressure canning May be stored in pantry. Can be flavored with herbs, etc. if desired Works well for substantial mushrooms, such as Bolete buttons, Chanterelles, Russula spp ., etc. Disadvantages of pressure canning The pressure canning process is somewhat involved. Does not work well for more delicate mushrooms. Canning incorrectly can result in botulism, which can be fatal. Objective: Storage/Prep Total Time: Suggested Mushrooms: See code Equipment and/or Ingredients Required equipment: Pressure canning pot and rack; and sterilized canning jars and lids Method VERY IMPORTANT: Canning non-acid food requires careful technique and the use of a pressure canner to prevent botulism . Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , botulism produces neurotoxins and can be fatal . Instructions for pressure canning can be found in the Ball Blue Book Guide to Preserving , or similar books on pressure cooking and canning. Previous Technique All Techniques Next Technique

FFSC History In the Fall of 1984, 20 people attended the first meeting of the Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz. The club was founded to make learning about wild mushrooms interesting to both science oriented and curious naturalists alike, and above all to make the hunt and ID fun for everyone and their families. First Duff Illustration Spores The Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz (FFSC) was founded by David Arora in 1984. There were two Fungus Federations before ours, one in Pasadena, CA and one at University of California Santa Cruz. First newsletter and invitation to join FFSC The idea to form a mushroom club in Santa Cruz grew out of David's fungus fairs held at the Santa Cruz Natural History Museum (1974), Sanborn Park in Saratoga, CA, and Coyote Point in the San Francisco Bay Area. These fairs were well attended by curious members of the public, encouraged by the museums as a public event. Requests by interested persons for more information led to classes on taxonomy, field trips, and eventually his published field guide Mushrooms Demystified. (Which came to be known among FFSC members as "the Bible".) Hyphae David Arora drew interested parties from the rosters of his classes, and his fellow fungifiles in Santa Cruz, to discuss the formation of a club and to see who among them would be willing to participate in such a venture. They would hold monthly meetings during the mushroom season to discuss fungi appearing that month, have general identification discussions, speakers, and have group forays to local areas to gather mushrooms and learn about habitat. The club would also be responsible for gathering mushrooms for the Fungus Fair. The club's first newsletter in 1984 would be entitled The Federation Flyer , renamed to Ascus the following month, and to Duff a year later. Not everyone was enthusiastic about local forays. Fearing they might lose the secrecy of their hunting spots. Nevertheless, in the Fall of 1984 the first meeting of the Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz was held at the Natural History Museum and was attended by about 20 people. Officers were appointed and volunteers accepted to run the organization with a $25.00 annual membership fee. David named the officers "Ministers" to keep everyone from taking themselves too seriously. Among those in attendance were: Luen Miller, Newsletter editor and Mushroom of the Month writer; Bob Sellers, Foray leader and newsletter contributor; Craig Mitchell, membership; Ed Aguilar, Long Distance foray leader; Joe DeSmet, Treasurer and Non-profit organizer; Bo Heinricks, writer; Lia Matera, author of Mushroom Mystery books; Shea Moss, Culinary Coordinator; Jerry Moss, member; Anne, member; Joy Churchman, member; Bill McGuire, member; John Anderson, Museum Director; Patricia, head of museum volunteers, and David Arora, Founder. The underlying purpose of the club was to make learning about wild mushrooms interesting to both science oriented and curious naturalists alike, and above all to make the hunt and ID fun for everyone including their families. Announcement of the 1984 Fungus Fair in Ascus newsletter The first FFSC-sponsored Fungus Fair was held at the Santa Cruz City Museum (now the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History) and was attended by record crowds. Club members now swollen to 50 and their families were enlisted to hunt in organized forays the week prior to the fair. Volunteers turned the museum into a sylvan forest using local materials, and filled baskets with mushrooms identified and tagged so onlookers could compare them to what they might see while walking in the woods or their backyards. Books on fungi, t-shirts and aprons were sold. Miriam Rice gave a demonstration of mushroom dyes. Chanterelle soup and CandyCap cookies were available for sale to pique the interest of those on the fringe of "why hunt wild mushrooms?" And The FFSC was on its way. It was not long before the Natural History Museum could no longer hold all the people who were drawn to the Fungus Fair. 1998 Fungus Fair Recap in the Duff newsletter In 1998, the Fair was held at Harvey West Park, with great success. In 1999, the new location became the Loudon Nelson Community Center (now corrected to Lo n don Nelson) in downtown Santa Cruz. A large auditorium was available to house the Fair, and 5 classrooms were available to provide space for speakers, vendors, and a kids room, and a cafeteria to hold a sold out "After hours dinner" on Friday night. Mycelium The FFSC has gained recognition as a major player in mycological organizations in North America, Mexico, and Europe. Phil Carpenter, who joined in 1984, continues to teach Mushroom ID workshops, which garner both scientific and culinary interest and routinely sell out. One of our members, Christian Schwartz, a Mycologist at University of California Santa Cruz, put forward a proposal for a new documented library of species identification with DNA testing and the FFSC embraced it. We reached out to the North American Mycological Association to include other mushroom clubs to help with the funding and to contribute fungus species. A scholarship program for university students interested in pursuing the study of fungi was instituted in the late 90s. "Fungus Fair postponed due to good weather" --Calendar page from 1987 Duff Since 1984, the paid membership has grown from 20 to over 425 family and individual memberships. Each year there are more forays, events, and speakers. Numerous local forays are held for members and the general public weekly during the season. Long Distance forays to the Sierra, Mendocino, Sonoma County, and Alaska are held in Fall, Spring, and Summer. The Duff newsletter evolved from print to PDF, and then to an earlier version of this website. In 1998 the FFSC sponsored the North American Mycological Association foray at Asilomar. 500+ Guests from all mushroom clubs in North America attended. Member dinners and parties included: The Holiday Potluck in December, Celebrity Chef pop up dinners, the Friday night After Hours Dinner after the Fair, Wine and Mushroom Dinner, and the Continental Beer Picnic (now called Suds & 'Shrooms). All long distance forays included a potluck dinner -- whether camping or staying in lodging. We published the final Duff newsletter in May 2013, and published all content online thereafter. In January 2024 we celebrated the 50th Fungus Fair in Santa Cruz. This was the 37th fair organized by the FFSC—each succeeding fair drawing more people than the last. Nearly 6,000 paying guests were noted at the 2024 Fungus Fair. This count did not include children under 12, who were admitted free of charge, or the school classes and seniors admitted for free to the Friday afternoon opening of the 50th Fair. 2025 Fungus Fair Volunteers. Photo by Peter Mu The attitude fostered by the FFSC is "Keeping the fun in fungus". We know each other. We help each other learn and include one and all into our fold. We work hard, we play hard. Many enduring friendships have evolved. Lifelong partnerships, weddings etc, are common. Science, the Hunt, the food and wine are all part of the package. One visiting mycologist from out of State attended a party with me after an exhausting day at the fair. He was greeted with hugs and acceptance by all. He remarked in awe, "This is not just any mushroom club, you are all friends." When it rains it spores! Shea Moss Members Only Content Login Join FFSC

Earth Star (Astraeus hygrometricus). Photo by Tim Teske Earth Star Tim Teske Found in Rancho San Antonio park along the Rogue Valley Trail. Appeared shortly after a brief day of rain during an unusually dry season. Learn more about the genus Astraeus : Astraeus (fungus) , Wikipedia Barometer Earthstars (Genus Astraeus) , iNaturalist California Mushrooms, page 460 Astraeus hygrometricus , Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast, page 533 Camera Apple iPhone X Focal L. 4mm Aperture f/1.8 Shutter Sp. 1/100s ISO 40 Flash Off Photo taken on December 23, 2017 Mushroom(s) ... Previous Photo Back to Gallery Next Photo